The Benefits of Physical Activity Essay - 884 Words

Physical activity is one of the crucial elements in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its related morbidities (Morrato, Hill, Wyatt, Ghushchyan Sullivan, 2007). Physical activity is necessary not only to manage or prevent chronic diseases but also for the general health and wellbeing. There is much evidence to support the benefits of physical activity as it has acute and chronic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (De Feo, Di Loreto, Ranchelli, Fatone, Gambelunghe, Lucidi and Santeusanio, 2006). Physical activity is the modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Several authors have endeavoured to encapsulate the evidence of advantages of physical activity in managing type 2 diabetes. The†¦show more content†¦Moreover, it appears that, there was a decrease in the occurrence of premature death of 39%–54% from any cause and of 34%–53% from cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes who walked at least 120 minutes per week (Warburton, Nicol, Bredin, 2006). Insulin sensitivity can be influenced by physical activity in various ways. Physical activity intensifies both GLUT4-dependent and hypoxia-dependent glucose transport in skeletal muscle (Balkau et al., 2008). Working muscles use non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) as the primary source of energy. Even though the muscle glycogen is the main source of energy at the beginning of the exercise, circulating glucose, especially NEFAs become the chief source of energy with increasing duration of exercise. Muscle contraction during exercise increases glucose transporters and enhance glucose utilisation by the cells. Usually people with diabetes are resistant to insulin but not resistant to the stimulatory effect of exercise on glucose uptake. The activation of proinsulin receptor signalling during physical activity directly enhances insulin action at the exercising muscle (Sigal et al., 2004). Physical activity and fitness lead to improved health outcomes in many ways. Routine physical activity improves body composition, helps to achieve better lipid profiles, improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, controls hypertension, improves autonomic tone, diminishes systemic inflammation, prevents the formation ofShow MoreRelatedPhysical And Emotional Benefits Of Physical Activity1222 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the physical and emotional benefits of moderate physical activity, most Americans are not getting enough exercise to sustain healthy behavior and reduce their risks of illness. A lack of physical activity has been shown to be a risk factor for several conditions. Less active people tend to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, as well as feelings of anxiety and depression (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2015). Studies have shown the physically inactive people haveRead MoreThe Benefits of Physical Activity Essay920 Words   |  4 Page swrites in his article on Exercise Statistics, People who engage in physical for 7 hours per week have a 40 percent lower chance of dying early than people who are active for less than 30 minutes a week. This statement is one of the many statements in his article proving the importance of fitness; it has the ability to enhance quality of life. Regular exercise can lower the risk of many diseases, improve the function of the physical body, as well as psychological health. Fitness by definition isRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Physical Activity988 Words   |  4 Pages There are many benefits of fitness which are hard to ignore and extend well beyond ones weight. Regular physical activity can help reduce risk for numerous ailments and health conditions and help to improve one’s overall quality of life. Enhanced physique often comes along with a good fitness schedule, keeping one motivated. Fitness is the condition of being physically fit and healthy, however becoming active, staying active or boosting your level of physical activity is difficult for some toRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Activities For Children2453 Words   |  10 PagesBenefits of Physical Activities for Children Do you have a child or siblings? What if at age 10 they went for a regular doctor check up and got diagnosed with diabetes. But then ontop of that information, you were told that it could have been prevented with just a little exercise. Diabetes prevention is one of many ways that physical activities benefit children. My name is Kayla Langley and I would like to inform you of the numerous benefits of exercise for children, those with and without disordersRead MoreBenefits Of Regular Physical Activity2271 Words   |  10 PagesVillanova University HRD8213 – Benefits 1. Research the benefits of regular physical activity as a tool to reduce health care costs. Physical activity helps reduce stress, also promotes healthy lifestyle. Healthier employees are more productive Healthy employees will use less sick time Healthy workforce will help to reduce health care costs in the long term Also promotes mental health care Abstract There is significant research that shows a direct correlation between the rising costsRead MoreHealth Benefits Of Daily Physical Activity972 Words   |  4 Pagesabout health benefits of daily physical activity. The audience will be able to list two benefits of daily physical activity after this presentation. The central idea is that physical activity should be implemented daily to promote a happy and healthy life. 2. Audience: The ideal audience for my presentation would be school age children and teens; although, the topic of this presentation would be appropriate for a broader audience. Ideally, school age children and teens would benefit more from thisRead MoreThe Social-Emotional, Cognitive and Physical Benefits of Physical Activity1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe social-emotional, cognitive and physical benefits of physical activity During childhood our body and mind changes very fast. I believe that nowadays parents focus more on the brain developement of their children than their physical activity. When I was a little girl - over 20 years ago - we spent most of our time outside playing, running and enjoying fresh air and being in movement. Physical activity of children can secure them health and well being in their adulthood as well as teachRead MoreBenefits That Bring Health Practice Of Physical Activity1622 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The benefits that bring health practice of physical activity performed regularly and the risks involved in sedentary, especially of the elderly, lifestyles have been widely established in numerous epidemiological studies in recent years. However, the sedentary lifestyle of our society is becoming a constant threat to public health, which is carrying to professionals from the health sector to adopt targeted measures to promote the physical activity of the society in general and elderly peopleRead MoreEssay about Healing in Motion: The Benefits of Physical Activity693 Words   |  3 Pagesstop playing because you grow old: you grow old because You Stop playing. George Shaw . being old is a psychological condition: if you are Eighty, and you are in good shape, you can still be fit, and physically active. Physical activity leads to a healthier and longer life, better school performance, And a generally a more positive attitude. Facts show that each student should Get at least 30 minutes of exercise in schools. These thirty minutes of exerciseRead MorePhilosophy of Physical Education1219 Words   |  5 PagesEach and every person has a different view of what physical education really is. â€Å"Is it education in sport?† asks Siedentop â€Å"Is it fitness education? Is it social development? Is it development through risk and adventure? Is it movement? Instead,† he says, â€Å"it is all of these things – and maybe more?† (1998, p.237). Whereas Wuest and Butcher feel that physical activity is â€Å"a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and

The Benefits of Physical Activity Essay - 884 Words

Physical activity is one of the crucial elements in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its related morbidities (Morrato, Hill, Wyatt, Ghushchyan Sullivan, 2007). Physical activity is necessary not only to manage or prevent chronic diseases but also for the general health and wellbeing. There is much evidence to support the benefits of physical activity as it has acute and chronic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (De Feo, Di Loreto, Ranchelli, Fatone, Gambelunghe, Lucidi and Santeusanio, 2006). Physical activity is the modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Several authors have endeavoured to encapsulate the evidence of advantages of physical activity in managing type 2 diabetes. The†¦show more content†¦Moreover, it appears that, there was a decrease in the occurrence of premature death of 39%–54% from any cause and of 34%–53% from cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes who walked at least 120 minutes per week (Warburton, Nicol, Bredin, 2006). Insulin sensitivity can be influenced by physical activity in various ways. Physical activity intensifies both GLUT4-dependent and hypoxia-dependent glucose transport in skeletal muscle (Balkau et al., 2008). Working muscles use non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) as the primary source of energy. Even though the muscle glycogen is the main source of energy at the beginning of the exercise, circulating glucose, especially NEFAs become the chief source of energy with increasing duration of exercise. Muscle contraction during exercise increases glucose transporters and enhance glucose utilisation by the cells. Usually people with diabetes are resistant to insulin but not resistant to the stimulatory effect of exercise on glucose uptake. The activation of proinsulin receptor signalling during physical activity directly enhances insulin action at the exercising muscle (Sigal et al., 2004). Physical activity and fitness lead to improved health outcomes in many ways. Routine physical activity improves body composition, helps to achieve better lipid profiles, improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, controls hypertension, improves autonomic tone, diminishes systemic inflammation, prevents the formation ofShow MoreRelatedPhysical And Emotional Benefits Of Physical Activity1222 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the physical and emotional benefits of moderate physical activity, most Americans are not getting enough exercise to sustain healthy behavior and reduce their risks of illness. A lack of physical activity has been shown to be a risk factor for several conditions. Less active people tend to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, as well as feelings of anxiety and depression (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2015). Studies have shown the physically inactive people haveRead MoreThe Benefits of Physical Activity Essay920 Words   |  4 Page swrites in his article on Exercise Statistics, People who engage in physical for 7 hours per week have a 40 percent lower chance of dying early than people who are active for less than 30 minutes a week. This statement is one of the many statements in his article proving the importance of fitness; it has the ability to enhance quality of life. Regular exercise can lower the risk of many diseases, improve the function of the physical body, as well as psychological health. Fitness by definition isRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Physical Activity988 Words   |  4 Pages There are many benefits of fitness which are hard to ignore and extend well beyond ones weight. Regular physical activity can help reduce risk for numerous ailments and health conditions and help to improve one’s overall quality of life. Enhanced physique often comes along with a good fitness schedule, keeping one motivated. Fitness is the condition of being physically fit and healthy, however becoming active, staying active or boosting your level of physical activity is difficult for some toRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Activities For Children2453 Words   |  10 PagesBenefits of Physical Activities for Children Do you have a child or siblings? What if at age 10 they went for a regular doctor check up and got diagnosed with diabetes. But then ontop of that information, you were told that it could have been prevented with just a little exercise. Diabetes prevention is one of many ways that physical activities benefit children. My name is Kayla Langley and I would like to inform you of the numerous benefits of exercise for children, those with and without disordersRead MoreBenefits Of Regular Physical Activity2271 Words   |  10 PagesVillanova University HRD8213 – Benefits 1. Research the benefits of regular physical activity as a tool to reduce health care costs. Physical activity helps reduce stress, also promotes healthy lifestyle. Healthier employees are more productive Healthy employees will use less sick time Healthy workforce will help to reduce health care costs in the long term Also promotes mental health care Abstract There is significant research that shows a direct correlation between the rising costsRead MoreHealth Benefits Of Daily Physical Activity972 Words   |  4 Pagesabout health benefits of daily physical activity. The audience will be able to list two benefits of daily physical activity after this presentation. The central idea is that physical activity should be implemented daily to promote a happy and healthy life. 2. Audience: The ideal audience for my presentation would be school age children and teens; although, the topic of this presentation would be appropriate for a broader audience. Ideally, school age children and teens would benefit more from thisRead MoreThe Social-Emotional, Cognitive and Physical Benefits of Physical Activity1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe social-emotional, cognitive and physical benefits of physical activity During childhood our body and mind changes very fast. I believe that nowadays parents focus more on the brain developement of their children than their physical activity. When I was a little girl - over 20 years ago - we spent most of our time outside playing, running and enjoying fresh air and being in movement. Physical activity of children can secure them health and well being in their adulthood as well as teachRead MoreBenefits That Bring Health Practice Of Physical Activity1622 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The benefits that bring health practice of physical activity performed regularly and the risks involved in sedentary, especially of the elderly, lifestyles have been widely established in numerous epidemiological studies in recent years. However, the sedentary lifestyle of our society is becoming a constant threat to public health, which is carrying to professionals from the health sector to adopt targeted measures to promote the physical activity of the society in general and elderly peopleRead MoreEssay about Healing in Motion: The Benefits of Physical Activity693 Words   |  3 Pagesstop playing because you grow old: you grow old because You Stop playing. George Shaw . being old is a psychological condition: if you are Eighty, and you are in good shape, you can still be fit, and physically active. Physical activity leads to a healthier and longer life, better school performance, And a generally a more positive attitude. Facts show that each student should Get at least 30 minutes of exercise in schools. These thirty minutes of exerciseRead MorePhilosophy of Physical Education1219 Words   |  5 PagesEach and every person has a different view of what physical education really is. â€Å"Is it education in sport?† asks Siedentop â€Å"Is it fitness education? Is it social development? Is it development through risk and adventure? Is it movement? Instead,† he says, â€Å"it is all of these things – and maybe more?† (1998, p.237). Whereas Wuest and Butcher feel that physical activity is â€Å"a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and

Child Development And Program Design - 2120 Words

Aileen McGee Professor Anderson Child Development and Program Design Classroom Architecture Project Early childhood classrooms are made with love and excitement by the teachers. Classrooms are created every year for a new group of students with purpose and meaning. Teachers spend hours on end to make their upcoming year one to remember for their students. Teachers work to create a safe environment, after all children spend more hours in school than their homes. According to Curtis and Carter (2003), â€Å"the environment is the most visible aspect of the work done in the schools. The layout of the physical space is welcoming and fosters encounters, communication, and relationships. The arrangement of structures,†¦show more content†¦I want to teach my children to grow up to be fearless, outstanding citizens of the community. I want to teach my children that they can move mountains as long as they work hard. My classroom philosophy would be like that of Friedrich Froebel, which he described it to be as a â€Å"garden.† The students would be my flowers I wil l help them bloom on a daily basis, and sprinkle knowledge into their young minds. Froebel’s (2010) classroom activities are still being taught around the world with teachings of â€Å"singing songs, learning finger plays, gathering at circle time, building with blocks, playing with puppets, engaging in spontaneous play, and planting a garden. (p.75). These are all wonderful activities to implement into an early childhood curriculum. John Dewey’s philosophy of early childhood education would also reflect my educational philosophy. According to Dewey (2004) his philosophy was â€Å"the purpose of education was full and productive involvement in the perpetuation of democracy.† (p. 68). Children need guidance from adults â€Å"to function as productive citizens and healthy individuals.† Dewey believed in â€Å"democratic life skills that include the ability to see one’s self as a worthy individual and a capable member of the group, express strong emotions in nonhurting ways, solve problems ethically and intelligently, be understanding of the

Ausmat Answers Chemistry 2010 free essay sample

Standards describe the kinds of qualities seen across candidate responses in external examination conditions. In late 2010, WACE (written) examination scripts for Chemistry Stage 3 were analysed by teacher expert panels who identified the qualities of candidates’ scripts at each of five performance bands: ‘excellent achievement’, ‘high achievement’, ‘satisfactory achievement’, ‘limited achievement’ and ‘inadequate achievement’. WACE Course scores were reported against these performance bands. The band descriptions for Chemistry Stage 3 are provided in Appendix 1. What do standards tell us? The standards described through the band descriptions tell us, in general terms, how students need to be performing if they wish to achieve a particular ‘standard’. To get a clearer picture of what the standard means, teachers and students can refer to the candidate responses provided. This will help students see what they need to do to improve and help them understand how their work compares with the standard. Standards can also assist teachers in providing students with feedback about their work and see how they might need to modify their teaching. What is provided in this Standards Guide? There are five main components in this standards guide: 1 questions from the examination paper 2 the marking key for each question 3 candidate responses and annotated marker notes 4 statistics such as the highest and lowest marks achieved, mean, standard deviation, etc 5 examiner comments. What standards have been exemplified in this guide? Sample candidate responses which illustrate ‘excellent’ and ‘satisfactory’ performance have been included in this guide, along with marker annotations. In most cases, ‘excellent’ responses received full marks or close to full marks. If there were no responses judged to be ‘excellent’, a ‘high achievement’ response sample may be provided. For questions worth 1 mark (or a small number of marks) judgments about an ‘excellent’ or ‘satisfactory’ standard are less precise. Judgements about ‘excellent’ and ‘satisfactory’ standards illustrated in a candidate response must also take into account the difficulty of the question. It should also be remembered that overall judgments about standards are best made with reference to a range of performances across a range of assessment types and conditions. How well did this examination ‘target’ the ability of candidates? Rasch analysis of raw marks achieved by candidates enables us to provide estimates of question difficulty and student ability, on the same scale. From this relationship, we are able to evaluate how well the questions in this examination were broadly targeted to candidates’ abilities. Data which estimates the difficulty of each question is provided in Appendix 2. A graph showing the relationship between student ability (on this examination) and question difficulty is also provided in Appendix 2. Other points to consider when viewing this guide Use of half marks Examination items are marked out of whole numbers. Half marks occurring in this guide are a result of averaging the whole number marks from each of two markers. Section statistics and marks weightings Section statistics for the highest mark achieved, lowest mark achieved, mean and standard deviation are based on weighted section total marks. Raw mark totals are provided for each section. The raw marks distribution and the weighted total marks distribution is provided on the following page. Examination standards for 2010 WACE examinations The analysis of written examination scripts was used to determine performance band descriptions for 2010. Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Marks distribution for this examination Number of questions available 25 Number of questions to be answered 25 Suggested working time (minutes) 50 Section Section One: Multiple-choice Section Two: Short answer Section Three: Extended answer Marks available Percentage of exam 25 25 11 11 60 70 35 6 6 70 80 40 Total 100 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 5 6 Chemi stry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section One: Multiple-choice Chemistry Stage 3 Section One: Multiple-choice 25 marks Note: Raw section total marks = 25 Weighted section total marks = 25 Candidates must be encouraged to describe their observations in as much detail as possible. A detailed observation is evidence of a candidate’s full understanding of a process, and more general descriptions of observations cannot be rewarded. The majority of candidates gave the correct structural formulae and organic product names for these questions, although ‘butone’ featured commonly in place of butanone. Some focus should perhaps be given to correct naming of ketones. 40 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Question 30(b) Butanoic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of H2SO4. 3 marks) Observations Structural formula of organic product Show all atoms Name of organic product Marking key A fruity smell develops Specific fruit (any fruit) Sweet smell [Single layer forms] Condensed structure also acceptable Structural formula of organic product (show all atoms) H H C H H C H H C H C O O H C H H Question statistics Statistics ID =37 Num ber of attempts = 4126 Highest mark achieved = 3. 00 Lowest mark achieved = 0. 00 Mean = 2. 25 Standard deviation = 0. 95 Question difficulty = Moderate Correlation between question part and section = 0. 62 Observations O CH3 CH2 CH2 C O CH3 Name of organic product Methylbutanoate (methyl butanoate) Description 1 mark for each correct answer for a possible total of 3 marks. Question incorrectly answered or not attempted. Total Marks 1-3 0 3 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 41 Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses 30(b) Butanoic acid reacts with methanol in the presence of H2SO4. Notes (3 marks) Observations Structural formula of organic product Show all atoms Name of organic product Excellent response 3/3 marks Correctly completes the table for the esterification reaction. Examiners’ comments This question was not particularly well done. Candidates must be encouraged to describe their observations in as much detail as possible – e. g. a fruity/sweet smell should be described as just that, rather than simply a ‘strong smell’. A detailed observation is evidence of a candidate’s full understanding of a process, and more general descriptions of observations cannot be rewarded. The majority of candidates gave the correct structural formulae and organic product names for these questions. 42 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Question Question 31 (3 marks) Condensation polymers form from two monomers, each with functional groups at their terminal carbon atoms (that is, the monomers are difunctional). Examine the polyester structure below. n Question statistics Statistics ID = 111 Number of attempts = 4403 Highest mark achieved = 3. 00 Lowest mark achieved = 0. 00 Mean = 1. 67 Standard deviation = 1. 13 Correlation between question and section = 0. 65 31(a) Circle all the ester linkages (functional groups that link the monomers) represented in the above structure. (1 mark) Marking key Question statistics Statistics ID = 38 Number of attempts = 4313 Highest mark achieved = 1. 0 Lowest mark achieved = 0. 00 Mean = 0. 60 Standard deviation = 0. 49 Question difficulty = Moderate Correlation between question part and section = 0. 27 n Description All ester linkages identified and circled (end linkages may also be circled). Question incorrectly answered or not attempted or not all linkages circled. Total Marks 1 0 1 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standar ds Guide 43 Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses 31(a) Notes Circle all the ester linkages (functional groups that link the monomers) represented in the above structure. (1 mark) No candidate response is provided. Refer to marking key. Excellent response Examiners’ comments A significant number of candidates did not correctly identify the ester linkages in the polymer in this question. 44 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Question 31(b) Identify the two monomer compounds (A and B) used in the production of this polymer and draw their molecular structures. (2 marks) Marking key Monomer A Question statistics Statistics ID = 39 Number of attempts = 4250 Highest mark achieved = 2. 00 Lowest mark achieved = 0. 00 Mean = 1. 12 Standard deviation = 0. 93 Question difficulty = Moderate Correlation between question part and section = 0. 64 OH C O Monomer B O C OH H H O C H H C H Marks 2 1 0 2 O H Description Both monomers correctly identified and drawn. One correct monomer or both monomers slightly incorrectly drawn. Question incorrectly answered or not attempted. Total Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 45 Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses 31(b) Notes Identify the two monomer compounds (A and B) used in the production of this polymer and draw their molecular structures. (2 marks) Excellent response 2/2 marks Correctly identifies the two monomers needed to form the polymer. No candidate response is provided. Refer to marking key. Satisfactory response Examiners’ comments The two component monomers were reasonably well identified. 46 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Question Question 32 (12 marks) For each species listed in the table below, draw the structural formula, representing all valence shell electron pairs either as : or as — and state or draw the shape of the molecule and state the polarity of the molecule. (for example, water H O H or H O H or H O H bent polar) Polarity of molecule (polar or non-polar) Species Structure (showing all valence shell electrons) Shape (sketch or name) nitrogen trichloride NC? 3 methanal HCHO sulfur dioxide SO2 carbon dioxide CO2 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 47 Section Two: Short answer Marking key structure (showing all valence shell electrons) Shape (sketch or name) Polarity of molecule (polar or nonpolar) Question statistics Statistics ID = 40 Number of attempts = 4498 Highest mark achieved = 12. 00 Lowest mark achieved = 0. 00 Mean = 9. 83 Standard deviation = 2. 17 Question difficulty = Easy Correlation between question part and section = 0. 67 Species nitrogen trichloride NC? 3 Cl N Cl Cl pyramidal polar O methanal HCHO H C H trigonal planar polar O sulfur dioxide SO2 or O S bent polar O O S O carbon dioxide CO2 O C O linear non-polar Description 1 mark for each correct answer for a possible total of 12 marks. Question incorrectly answered or not attempted. Total -1 if non-bonding electrons missing overall Marks 1-12 0 12 48 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses Question 32 Notes (12 marks) For each species listed in the table below, draw the structural formula, representing all valence shell electron pairs either as : or as — and state or draw the shape of the molecule and state the polarity of the molecule. (for example, water Species H O H or H O H or H O H bent polar) Polarity of molecule (polar or non-polar) Structure (showing all valence shell electrons) Shape (sketch or name) nitrogen trichloride NC? 3 methanal HCHO sulfur dioxide SO2 carbon dioxide CO2 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 49 Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses Notes Excellent response 12/12 marks Correctly draws structures and identifies shapes and polarity of each species. 50 Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide Section Two: Short answer Candidate responses Notes Satisfactory response 8/12 marks Draws and identifies shape and polarity of three species. However, presents incorrect information for methanal. Chemistry: Stage 3 Standards Guide 51

Nissan Sr20de Throttle Body Conversion Essays -

Nissan Sr20de Throttle Body Conversion SR20DE Throttle Body Conversion: Part One By James Jurado For those of you who want to upgrade your throttle body on your GA16DE powered cars, there are a couple of options out there that you can do. You can have the one on your bored out by a reputable machine shop (i.e. JG engine dynamics) or, if you can get your hands on one, bolt on the throttle body from an SR20DE. What's the difference in the two you ask? Well I'll tell you the advantages and disadvantages in installing the two. The GA16DE's throttle body's anatomy compared to the SR20DE throttle body is almost identical. The bolt patterns, coolant hook-ups, and vacuum lines all match up the same. But the only differences lie with the bore size, and the TPS configuration. With the 1.6 throttle body bored out to its maximum specifications, overall bore size will still not be as large as the stock bore size of the 2.0 throttle body. Which also leaves us to consider how much more potential there can be had with the 2.0 throttle body! If you can get your greasy hands on one of these throttle bodies, I'll let you guys know of some of the obstacles that will be encountered on making this modification work. Necessary parts: There was not much needed here. You will need to purchase brand new throttle body gasket from the dealership. It only cost me about $4.50 with the Se-r discount at Puente Hills Nissan. Without the discount its about six bucks. You will also need to make sure that it is for an Se-r! Otherwise the bore size of the 1.6 gasket will not match the bore size of the throttle body. You will also need to get an aftermarket intake setup, if you don't already have one. The factory rubber intake tubing will not fit over the throttle body. If you have only the filter with the MAF adapter plate, you'll need to go out and get the mandrel bent intake pipe with the proper sized couplers for the Se-r. You can also go out to Home Depot and make your own. If you do that you'll need some 2 abs pvc, 4 hose clamps and 2 2 rubber couplers. The Home Depot couplers will be a very tight fit on the TB, but it will fit. You'll just need to stretch it over the mouth of the TB. I also went out and bought a couple of brass fittings to tap into the side of the PVC for the necessary vacuum hoses. These can be purchased at a Pep Boys autoparts store for less than five bucks. Installation: Everything matched up perfectly, with a few exceptions. There are two connections on the bottom of the TB for the coolant hoses. You will have to slightly bend these so that they pint straight down, otherwise they will be hitting against the manifold. I heated them up on my gas kitchen stove, but if you have access to a butane torch then good for you! Heat up the connections a little bit (NOT RED HOT!) , and use a shop hammer to gently tap the tubing straight. You should be tapping the base of the body as you are not trying to actually bend the tube, you just want it to rotate in its base. The most challenging part of the throttle body mod will be with making the 1.6 TPS work on this unit. As I am still trying to figure out how to do this, I'll tell you what I have encountered so far. On the 2.0, the TPS lever sits towards the front of the throttle body, rotating clockwise from the seven o'clock position to eleven o'clock. On the 1.6 the TPS lever rotates clockwise from the one o'clock position to about five o'clock. The same goes with the lever on the TB that moves the TPS switch. One thing I tried to do was flip the 1.6 TPS around and bolt it backwards, with the plug end facing the intake manifold. The levers made contact with each other to make the system operable, but I was questioning its inability to then be unable to