African American Population Essay

At the beginning of each decade in the United States a census is taken to determine the population (Gale, 2008). While the 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13% of the American population. And predicts it will stay the same percentage until the year 2050. The African American population will reproduce and contribute to the world as other majority and minority groups. So why wouldn’t this group grow as a population. African American Growth The African American population has been growing in America since they were involuntarily brought here. From 1492 to 1820 the African American population grew to 9. 5 million in the west alone (POPULATION, 2000). In 1900, there were 8. 8 million African Americans in the United States, representing 11. 6% of the total population. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population percentage declined, reaching a low point in 1930 when the population was only 9. 7% of the United States population (Gale, 2008). Since 1930, the African American population has grown at a faster rate than national averages (POPULATION, 2000). Over four centuries the African American population has become less rural and concentrated than it was in the nineteenth century (POPULATION, 2000). African Americans do not have to endure slavery. The group has also gained the same rights as other minority and majority groups. The United States Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce expects growth in the Black population. The United States Department of Commerce expects the Black population to make up 16 percent on the American population, by the year 2050 (Black Collegian, 2002). The Department Economic and Statistic Administration will examine effect of the 2010 census and the black population. The Administration will concentrate on the finances of the Black population and any other new aspects to review. The census Bureau The 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13 percent of the American population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). The census also predicts that the African American population will continue to make up only 13 percent in the year 2050 (Census, 2000). The Almanac suggests that African American are ranking lower than any other group in all categories. The almanac reference income gaps between African Americans and other races. The Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations are expected to maintain their shares of the population in all series (U. S. Census Bureau, 2008 and 2009). A population that is having children and playing a major to the world as all other populations cannot stay the same for a period of 50 years. The encyclopedia of population stated that African American population growth increases much faster than statistics assume. The Department of Commerce predicts the African American population will rise to 16 percent in the year 2050. While the Census Bureau predicts that there will be no increase in the African American population in the year 2050 with out giving details of why this prediction is accurate. African American have endured a great struggle in America. They have over came many obstacles and they will overcome this one also. References POPULATION. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/galeus/populationSmith, M. (2001). Ed. ). (1993). Black Collegian. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 31, 2010Year, from com220. Encyclopedia of population (Ed. ). (2003). African American population History. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 26, 2010Year, from com220. Boyle, K. (2010). The Promise land: The making of African America. Retrived from New York Times book review. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number].

Managerial Economic Decision Making Essay

From the e-Activity, assess how business leaders use managerial economics to make business decisions indicating how profits may be impacted. Analyze the principal-agent problem to determine how the relationship could be less adversarial. Provide support for your rationale. ECO 550 Week 1 DQ 2: Fundamental Economic Concepts Pick a recently released good or service. Then, determine the factors that must be evaluated regarding the product’s supply and demand. Analyze how these factors impact the decision to supply the product indicating the significance of each in the decision-making process. Using the same product example above, analyzing how the risk tolerance factors play in supplying the good or service and how this should influence management’s decisions ECO 550 Week 2 DQ 1: Demand Analysis From the e-Activity, if you were a manager in a tobacco company, analyze the elasticity of demand for tobacco products. Evaluate the factors involved in making decisions about pricing tobacco products indicating which would be the most influential. Using the same scenario above, discuss how the elasticity influence the short-term and long-term decisions of the company and the impact to the decision made related to profitability. ECO 550 Week 2 DQ 2: Estimating Demand Provide an example when it would be appropriate to conduct a time-series or cross sectional data. Discuss the potential problems that may arise with your example and identify strategies for minimizing the impact of the potential problems. Discuss the meaning of the regression coefficient of the independent variable(s) and how it could be used to estimate the elasticities of each of these variables. Discuss how managers use the elasticities measurements to make managerial decisions. ECO 550 Week 3 DQ 1: Business and Economic Forecasting From the e-Activity, develop a regression equation using the data you  collected from your research. Use the regression equation to focus the demand for the product you chose for the next three periods. Assess what the results of the regression equation tells managers and how it is likely to impact decisions made related to maximizing profitability. †¢ Imagine you are a manager for the good or service used above. From the results of the regression equation, suggest strategies to either maintain demand (if an increase over three periods occurs) or improve demand (if a decrease over three periods occurs). Provide support for your recommendations ECO 550 Week 3 DQ 2: Managing in the Global Economy Evaluate the relationship between the European Euro crisis in 2012 and the American economy. Assess how this affects American businesses and decisions made by mangers related to sustainable profitability. Provide examples with your response. Aside from maximizing profits, assess the factors that managers must consider when making the decision to outsource or integrate forwards or backwards considering which factor would be most influential for decision-making. ECO 550 Week 4 DQ 1: Production Economics From the e-Activity, determine the environmental variable most likely to affect the short-run production over the next 12 months. Determine what managers can do to prepare for the possible change in short-run production. Pick a real or fictitious business. Create a scenario around this business in which a manager would decide to either stop operations in the short-run or going out of business in the long-run. Provide a rationale with your response ECO 550 Week 4 DQ 2: Cost Analysis Pick a good or service. Distinguish between the short-run and the long-run production and cost function for that good or service. Discuss how price plays a role in short-run and the long-run decisions and how managers are likely to respond in each case. Using the same good or service from above. Identify the fixed and variables costs are for the good or service. Based upon the costs identified, recommend whether to produce or not produce the good or service. Provide a rationale with your response ECO 550 Week 5 DQ 1: Applications of Cost Theory Imagine you are a manager of a chemical company. An accident has occurred in which chemicals leaked into the ground water nearby, the community is unaware. Assess the costs involved in cleaning up the water immediately (confessing) versus hiding the fact and possibly paying more in the future. Discuss the impact on profitability in both situations. From the first e-Activity, assess the factors involved in conducting a break-even analysis. Determine the conditions that may exist for a manager of this good or service may decide to move forward with operations even with the initial costs of operations is more than the potential revenue ECO 550 Week 5 DQ 2: Prices, Output and Strategy Pick a good or service you are familiar. Speculate how the price for that good or service may have been set and how well this price maximizes profit for the company and determine what shifts the company should made in its pricing strategy. Provide support for your recommendations. From the second e-Activity, discuss how the company you selected should increase its competitive stance in the marketplace and how management would implement the recommendations. Provide specific examples to support your response ECO 550 Week 6 DQ 1: Monopolies From the first e-Activity, imagine this company acting as a monopoly was to have a new competitor arrive in the marketplace. Assess how the monopoly would likely change its pricing strategy to compensate for the new competition. From the first e-Activity, speculate how the monopolist could be more efficient in the long-run considering new competition has entered the marketplace ECO 550 Week 6 DQ 2: Oligopoly From the second e-Activity, assess the marketing and pricing strategies, for example rebates, to determine the goal(s) of the marketing and pricing strategies for one of the companies you researched. Make one recommendation for changes that the company should make to better maximize profits. The Internet has made shopping for airline tickets efficient for the consumer. As a result, the industry overall is price sensitive. Suggest how the airlines can maximize profits while avoiding price wars. ECO 550 Week 7 DQ 1: Game Theory Please respond to the following: †¢ Demand for airline tickets fluctuates throughout the year, which affects the price of an airline ticket. Suggest the type of game that may be most appropriate for a specific airline to play to address the differences in demand and elasticity and the resulting impact on profitability. Provide support for your reply. †¢ From the first e-Activity, propose a short-term and long-term pricing strategy for the product or service you researched including how the strategies would be implemented. Assess how your proposal ultimately maximizes profits ECO 550 Week 7 DQ 2: Pricing Techniques From the second e-Activity, propose the new target market segment for the product and its accompanying pricing strategy (for example, bundling and couponing). Provide a rational for why you feel the new target market and pricing strategy would be successful and the likely impact to the profitability of the firm. The pharmaceutical industry often has the luxury of implementing pricing strategies that appear high to consumers. 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Identify who wins and who loses if regulation was adopted ECO 550 Week 10 DQ 1: Capital Investments With the current U.S. economy in a weakened state, many companies are reluctant to implement any capital improvements or capital expenditures in fear of the economic uncertainty that exists that may negatively impact the cash flow of the organization. Assess the impact of this behavior on productivity, cost efficiency, diversification of assets, or impact to future cash flows that may emerge if companies continue this mindset indicating the long-term risk to profitability. Provide an example or scenario to support your response. Analyze the challenges that companies face in entering global markets. Identify the potential impact to capital budgets in making the decision to move into a global market ECO 550 Week 10 DQ 2: Cost-Benefit Analysis Provide a cost-benefit analysis for a company which has to decide whether to hire more staff or hire temporary workers to meet production schedules. Determine how managers would use your cost-benefit analysis to make this decision. Conduct a cost-benefit analysis of obtaining a graduate degree. Assess both the short-term and the long-term costs and benefits to determine why some people obtain the extra education while others do not Copy this link to your browser and download: http://www.oassignment.com/ECO-550-Week-1-to-10-Discussion-Questions-1322.htm

How to Teach Listening and Speaking in Mandarin Essay

Design a listening – speaking task. You need to clarify the level of the students (e.g. how many hours they have learnt Chinese, how many characters they have mastered, etc.), the purposes of the exercises, how you are going to operate these exercises and the reasons why you design and operate the task like this. In the teaching of spoken language, the views of listening went through different phases. Earlier views considered listening as the mastery of discrete skills such as recognizing cohesive structure in texts or identifying key words in a text etc. Later views introduced the notions of bottom-up and top-down processing and emphasized the importance of prior knowledge and schema in comprehension. At the same time, the understanding of the role of the listener developed into current views which encourages his/her active participation in listening, applying strategies to assist, monitor and evaluate his/her own listening. (J. C. Richards, 2008) Speaking takes place in real time, it’s produced in response to the speech of the person we talk to. This shows its contingent nature. In language teaching, speaking ability increases along with the learner’s other abilities in the foreign/second language such as vocabulary, listening skill, knowledge of culture etc. Mandarin is a spoken language, so its learning process is also in line with general rules of language learning/teaching. However, as Mandarin has unique features as a language system, which includes five tones and changing tones in certain circumstances, it’s important to take these features into consideration while designing a listening – speaking task. The following is a listening – speaking task I tried to design for Mandarin teaching. Listening – speaking Task Cover Sheet Time: 50 minutes (2 sessions) Class Level: Later Beginners to Lower Intermediate Main Aims: By the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. Grasp Location Words and Place Expressions. 2. Exercise listening to gist and details. 3. Ask for directions and ask questions politely. Subsidiary Aims 1. Improve reading skill. 2. Group/pair cooperation Assumptions: The learners already had knowledge of Location Words and Place Expressions from Lesson 8, which will help their comprehension of the listening material. Anticipated Problems 1. Students might be confused with the direction words. 2. Form: how to ask questions. 3. Pronunciation: tones and intonation of some words. Class Profile The students are 12 adults who come to study in the evening. They have one lesson every week which lasts 2 hours. Some of them travel to China for business trips. The text book they use is Contemporary Chinese I (2003). They’ve spent roughly 60 hours so far to learn Mandarin. They have a good command of 325 Chinese words and expressions, 244 Chinese characters, 22 grammar items and 23 communicative, thus have a basic command of Mandarin. Timetable Fit The students have learnt in lesson 8 about Direction Words and Places Expressions. This lesson intends to provide them a chance to use the words in real situations. After the lesson, students will be given a sketch map to practise at home by using these direction words to describe how to get from one place to another. In the next lesson, some students will tell the class about their homework. Materials 1. A self-designed conversation based on Lesson 8 of Contemporary Chinese I. 2. A live activity designed by the author. Exercise I: How can they get to the Summer Palace? Time: 20-30 minutes Purpose: Listening for gist and details. Review what the students learnt in Lesson 8 in the textbook about Location Words and Place Expressions. Preparation: A tape recorder with the following conversation. Ã¥ ¥ ³: 我ä » ¬Ã§Å½ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¥  §Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ â€"? ç” ·: Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€¢Å Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä ¸ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¦â‚¬Å½Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â€š £Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢? Ã¥ ¥ ³: æÅ"‰ä º ºÃ¥â€˜Å Ã¨ ¯â€°Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥  Ã¦ ± ½Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½â€ Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¿ËœÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ · ¯Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: 我ä » ¬Ã©â€" ®Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨ · ¯Ã¤ º ºÃ¦ ­ £Ã¥ · §Ã§ » Ã¨ ¿â€¡) ç” ·: è ¯ ·Ã©â€" ®Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä » ¬Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ºâ€Ã¨ ¯ ¥Ã¥  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ · ¯Ã¨ ½ ¦? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ½  Ã¤ »Å½Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥  ³Ã¨ µ °Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  379è · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ «â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ º ºÃ¦ °â€˜Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ µ °Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã¯ ¼Å'æ  ¢332è · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€º ´Ã¥  Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ¤ ´Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¥Ë† °Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·:ä ¸â€¹Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ â€"? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¨ ¿Å"ï ¼Å'ä ½  Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥ · ¦Ã¦â€¹ Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¿â€¡Ã© © ¬Ã¨ · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã§Å"‹è § Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¤ §Ã©â€" ¨Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"é ªâ€˜Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¡Å'Ã¥ â€"? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¨ ¡Å'ï ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¨ ¿Å"ä ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ¼Å'è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢Ã£â‚¬â€š è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¥ ® ¢Ã¦ °â€Ã£â‚¬â€š Procedure: 1. Give students an exercise sheet, with following questions. (A) True or false: tÄ mà ©n xiÇŽng zhÄ «dà  o zÄ•nme qà ¹ yà ­hà ©yuà ¡n a. ä »â€"ä » ¬Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¦â‚¬Å½Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­ () yà ­hà ©yuà ¡n bà ¹ yuÇŽn b. é ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¿Å" () (B) Answer the following questions: a. Can they get to the Summer Palace by taking bus 379? b. Which direction should they turn to get to the Summer Palace after leaving the bus? c. Why can’t they go to the Summer Palace by bike? 2. Explain to the students that the conversation is about asking for direction, and review the Location Words and Place Expressions of Lesson 8, provide the new vocabulary Summer Palace (é ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­). 3. Play the tape once, ask the students to do the exercise sheet. 4. Go through the questions, let the students discuss if their answers are different from each other. 5. Ask the students to pay more attention to some of the details related to their answers. Play the tape again. 6. Go through the questions again, give the right answers. 7. Tell the students that they are going to give details about the direction after the listening, so make notes if necessary. Play the tape for third time. 8. Ask students to work as a group to give details of direction so you can draw a map on the board to show how to get to the Summer Palace. 9. Check the answer by listening to the tape again. Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise: This exercise is designed to provide an opportunity for the students to use all-round skills including listening, speaking, reading and writing. By giving tasks in steps, students will gradually understand the listening material to a thorough extent. This will hopefully enable them to use what they learnt in a fluent way. Exercise II: Guest speaker (G White, 1998, P52) Time: 5 minutes in one session, 15-20 minutes in the next session Purpose: To listen for gist and details; to give the students the experience of listening as an audience. Preparation: 1. The teacher dresses up as a Guest speaker. 2. The Guest Speaker writes a brief note for the class, giving a few details about interesting places he has been to. The note can be completely fictitious to make it more fun. E.g. 2005 I went to the Moon for a holiday Procedure: 1. Hand out the copies of the note to the class, put the students in pairs, and ask each pair to think of one question they would like the Speaker to answer. Then the students choose the best 4 questions to be written down. The teacher/the Speaker should not know these questions. 2. Ask the students to think of a list of topics for the Speaker which will be most likely to produce the answers to the questions. Write the topics down. e.g. ‘transportation’, ‘places’ etc. 3. Give the list of topics to the Speaker. These will provide guidelines for him in preparing the talk. If the Speaker can prepare some photographs or slides during his talk, it’ll be more interesting. 4. With the students, practise polite ways of asking questions. Also review vocabulary related to touring and food etc. 5. In the next session, the Speaker gives his talk. The students should listen to see if their questions are answered. 6. If some of the questions have not been answered in the talk, the students could ask the Speaker in a question-and-answer session after the talk. 7. After the Q&A session, go through the questions with the students and check the answers. Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise: This exercise is designed with the intention to train the students to listen to a live talk, as well as speaking spontaneously. To help the students to achieve the best result from this exercise, in the pre-listening phase, the teacher prepares the students for both top-down and bottom-up processing through activities involving handing out the note, reviewing vocabulary, making predictions (preparing the list of topics) and familiarizing the polite ways of asking questions (so to create a more natural language environment). During the talk, students therefore can listen for comprehension by gist listening, selective listening, sequencing etc. In the post-listening phase, questions are asked by the students to elicit answers, and then answers are checked to ensure that students have good comprehension of the talk. This exercise also encourages the students to work together by discussing what questions they want to ask and how to decide the topics accordingly after deciding the questions. This provides a good chance for students to practise words and phrases they grasped so far, especially Direction Words and Places Expressions. Homework: At the end of lesson, give each student a sketch map with banks, post office, bus station, and a park on it. Divide students into three groups, each group will be given a task to describe how to get somewhere from a place. Next lesson, each group will have one student come to the front to tell the whole class. This is to encourage further use of Direction Words and Places Expressions. References J C Richards (2008), Teaching Listening and Speaking From Theory to Practice, Cambridge University Press http://www.cambridge.org/elt/teacher-support/pdf/Richards-Teaching-Listening-Speaking.pdf G. White (1998) Listening, Oxford University Press Zhongwei Wu (2003) Contemporary Chinese I, Sinolingua

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The film Super Size Me - Essay Example My current fast food intake is once or twice per month. The fast food restaurant is usually McDonald's or a local fast food place called Pop's, which serves burgers and Italian beef sandwiches. The first fact I would like to mention is that obesity is now second only to smoking as the leading cause of death in America. Obesity is a common problem in the United States, as many Americans are sedentary in their jobs, and do not make time for or do not have time for exercise. On top of this, as a nation we are consuming a mass amount of junk food as well as frequenting fast food restaurants with regularity. This is unhealthy. From a nutrition standpoint, we should be cooking more meals at home, which is healthier, and trying to eat balanced diets which include fresh fruits and vegetables, a small portion of meat if that is acceptable, and whole grains, with a minimum amount of fat which isn't trans fat or polyunsaturated fat. An emphasis should be placed on a balanced diet with a certain number of small fats and oils in the diet, which are necessary for the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Obesity is a problem in America not just because of the fact that people are not g etting enough exercise. The diseases that come along with obesity-such as heart attack, stroke, and diabetes-are all risk factors that one engenders when one is not at a healthy weight. At the current rate, one in three children born today are at risk of developing diabetes. That is an alarming rate that we should be worried about as a nation. One of the obese men in Super Size Me was getting laparascopic surgery to reduce the size of his stomach and to eliminate his diabetic problems. He admitted to drinking two gallons of diet soda per day. That is a red flag right there, but it leads me to my next point, which is a continuing problem: the proliferation of sugared candies and sodas. Here is a second astonishing fact. According to Super Size Me, the average American child sees 10,000 food advertisements on television per year, and ninety-five percent of those are for sugared cereals, soft drinks, or candy. Advertising for McDonald's and soda and candy companies, according to the movie, was obviously tremendously high. Children didn't know who Jesus were but they sure knew who Ronald McDonald was! That just goes to show the power of advertising. The danger of advertising these high-fructose products to kids are that they will get addicted at an early age to sugar, and that will feed into a life-long need for candy and sodas that will breed itself in adulthood. It is a precursor to medical conditions that are silent killers-cancer, heart failure, stroke, and diabetes. Now, here is fact number three. Each day, one in four Americans visits a fast food restaurant, and 46 million visit McDonald's daily-that is more people than the population of Spain. The fact that so many people

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Political science - Essay Example ilarly, this paper will also explain the similarities and differences in their own justification for disobedience, and in the manner in which each perceives disobedience to be necessary or beneficial in the circumstances. Sophocles’ Antigone argues that the unwritten and natural law supersedes any form of human law (â€Å"Sophocles Antigone 442 BC†, 2005), which means that the only source or basis of legitimate law is the unwritten and natural law; Antigone believes that duties to the gods are more essential than obedience of the state and law. She argues that she does not fear condemnation from men, but punishment from the gods by failing to honour her obligations to them, which oblige her to bury the dead and not to insult the gods by denying the dead a proper burial. Like Sophocles’ Antigone, Plato’s Socrates believes in a higher standard as the ultimate source of legitimate law, which is the gods. After he had been found guilty of poisoning the minds of young ones, Socrates declared without modesty that his teachings were the gods’ bidding, and that the city of Athens had thrived because of his service to the gods (DAmato, 1976). However, unlike Sophoclesâ€℠¢ Antigone who exclusively believes in one base of legitimate law, Plato’s Socrates also believes that the Athenian judicial system, a tribunal that dispensed justice according to the laws, was also a legitimate basis of law that should be respected; however, Socrates argues that his teachings had made Athens a better state. Sophocles’ Antigone argues that human laws undermine the unwritten and natural law especially because they do not honour the gods and family morals. Antigone gives honour and a principled responsibility to the gods and family equal weight in her defence since she does not want to offend the gods and to attract severe penalties from them (â€Å"Sophocles Antigone 442 BC†, 2005). Like Sophocles’ Antigone, Plato’s Socrates believes that in as much as the Athenian judicial

Managing Information 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Information 1 - Essay Example Information system strategy incorporates the use of information technology and a range of software and hardware products that make the system efficient and fully functional (Carry 1988). According to Lucey (2005, p. 4) states, â€Å"the processing of data into information and communicating the resulting information to the user are the very essence of an MIS†. To align corporate strategy with information management mechanisms, companies need to integrate the use of management information systems in all departments. Management information system deals with the use of IT tools in speeding up business processes (Martin 2010). Some of the main fields for which integration of information systems can be useful include system analysis and design, artificial intelligence, health informatics, databases, software engineering, decision making, project management, and knowledge management. As Burke (n.d.) states, â€Å"MIS, or management information systems, are used to manage the data cr eated within the structure of a particular business†. ... related information, assists managers in developing corporate strategies based on information, helps in documentation of processed information, and assists managers in taking critical business decisions. The main purpose of using an information management system is to make effective use of latest IT tools and technologies that can support managers’ attempts to make efficient use of business information, as well as help them in carrying out different business related tasks and operations. Use of information systems has become almost essential in aligning business strategies with the corporate strategy because it establishes a useful link between technology and organizational departments along with providing assistance to the officials in carrying out business operations. In today’s world of competition, information systems are considered to be most significant essentials of success for any company or organization because it helps companies in taking right business decisi on in accordance with the corporate business strategy regarding any matter based on stored information. Information systems collect helps in collecting raw data, as well as in converting the data into useful information in such a way that it can be categorized and sent to concerned authorities (Earl 1988). We can take example of Carlson Investment Solutions Inc., which is a London based firm that deals with providing investment suggestions to clients based on information analysis (See appendix 1). The system works for the company in such a way that it stores all information and presents to the concerned departments is in the form of a well-documented report (Taken from Interview, case study). The system helps companies in setting and achieving long-term strategic goals and objectives (Earl 1996). The

Friere - Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education Essay

Friere - Banking v. Problem Solving Models of Education - Essay Example The minds of students are considered to be empty in absolute ignorance, and it is the duty of the teacher to fill them with knowledge (Freire, 2004). The banking model immobilizes the people within existing frameworks of power since they accept that meaning and historical agency are owned by the oppressor. Therefore, education should be a means of liberation rather than solely a knowledge impacting process. The common sense of the poor people, which constitutes knowledge, is not less important than scientific knowledge of professionals. The education system requires reciprocal trust and communication between the educator and the student. This gives the educator a chance to learn and the student gets a chance to teach. This makes education a communion between participants in a mutually educating dialogue instead of the unilateral action that benefits the student only. The teacher should intervene in the educational situation as a way of helping the student overcome the paralyzing aspect of his or her world. This should result to critical thinking as a process of solving problems in the education process. This will be vital for reducing the oppression on the poor due to ineffective learning processes arising from the banking model of education (Freire, 2004). Freire proposed a dialogical problem posing education method where the teacher and student become co-invigilators of knowledge. The problem-posing education gives an opportunity to the oppressed to explore their problem as a reality to be transformed. This contrasts the banking model that suggests that the situation in the society can be fixed by nature or reason. The content of problem-posing education cannot be determined through the expertise of the teacher but arises from the reality experienced by the student. The educator does not answer the problems, but helps the students critically think of the problem in order to make a mutable awareness of the society. Once the students view the society

Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Research - Essay Example First, the resin is melted ( bead-like ) and Repro. The Stards are used to melt the Repro. Then, they are blown up into cylinders until they bubble up to the top of the machine. Once they are on the top, they are flattened using various rollers. After which, when everything has been flattened, these are rolled around a roll of cardboard on a metal rod. Finally, the bar is taken off a plug is placed on one end. The plastic would be now wrapped and multiple rolls would be placed standing right up on a skid. Again, they would be wrapped in plastic and properly labeled, then placed in a box. They would then be sent to the warehouse for shipping and classified as finished goods. It is also important to note that the colors are melted one at a time during the beginning of the process. This goes on daily because operations is 24/7. Over-all, there are 32 machines that produce the rolls. The maintenance for the machinery is done annually where the machines are cleaned thoroughly. The machine s are really big so cleaning them for a day would not suffice. The cleaning of these machines are scheduled on holidays so operations would not be affected. Demand for BEMIS products are high so the company cannot afford to lose productive time. I also observed that one roll can be easily made in as short as half an hour or more. Bigger rolls, however, need more time and can take as much as four to five hours. On the average, the machines produce 40† rolls in 40 hours. In a daily basis, the rolls produced equals to 540-550 pounds. To be able to achieve this high level of productivity, BEMIS operates for 24 hours. There are 100 employees distributed to work on four different shifts. Indeed, one can’t help admiring the whole process of production as everything is synchronized to meet the buyer’s demands or specifications. Come to think of it, the products of BEMIS are very many so efficiency is very important. BEMIS can meet all these challenges because it continue s to innovate itself and prioritize product research. The second part of this paper deals with the logistics of the products. Due to the high-volume of products produced in a daily basis, the logistics section is very busy. There are also times when companies would require extra orders during peak seasons which makes logistics very challenging. The pallets are often termed units for shipping purposes. A single pallet weighs 800 to 1,000 pounds. On a very busy day, there are one million pounds shipped to different buyers. A truck can carry as much as 40,000 pounds worth of pallets. Friday is considered the busiest day of the week so 18 trucks (scheduled and unscheduled ) are available for use on this day. It if it’s just an average day, only 600,00-700,000 pounds are shipped by BEMIS to its buyers. Normally, it takes 30-40 minutes to load the products on a truck. Safety measures are put in place to avoid any accidents. These are the procedures in loading a truck: 1. Get releas e. It is important for processors to know the pertinent details of the shipment. They must declare truthfully the type of products loaded on the truck which would be declared as soon as the buyers receive them. Details such as time of shipping, weight, quantity and other special instructions are contained in the documents like the Bill of Lading. 2. The next step involves pulling or staging pallets to the shipping area. The men driving the forklift and

Real GDP, unemployment rate Essay Example for Free

Real GDP, unemployment rate Essay Economic indicators measure and characterize the current state of economy. Unemployment rate, inflation rate, real GDP, and oil price per barrel form the general economic picture and show further directions of economic policies and tactics. â€Å"Real GDP is gross domestic product in constant dollars. In other words, real GDP is a nation’s total output of goods and services, adjusted for price changes† (Picker, 2007). Real GDP is often compared to nominal GDP which is always expressed in current dollars. In the third quarter of 2007, real GDP equaled to 11658. 9 billion of constant dollars, having increased 4. 9 percent as compared to the second quarter of 2007. Gross private domestic investment is one of the basic components of real GDP. In 2007, gross private domestic investment also increased to reach 1859. 9 billion dollars (GPO Access, 2008). The graph shows the historical fluctuations of real GDP in the United States: the beginning of 2007 was marked by the greatest real GDP decrease since 2005. The decrease of real GDP in the second half of 2006 indicates the start of economic recession in the United States. The unemployment rate is â€Å"the number of unemployed as a percent of the labor force† (Picker, 2007). In March, the U. S. economy was characterized by 5. 1% unemployment rate (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008). Normally, unemployment rates should not exceed 6 percent. Thus, unemployment rates in the U. S. are kept within the reasonable limits. However, the chart shows the slight but continuous unemployment rate increase since the beginning of 2007. These trends create a picture of recession in the American economy. Inflation rate shows the increase of prices for consumer goods and services, and is counted on a yearly basis (Picker, 2007). Inflation rates are basically measured with the help of Consumer Price Index (CPI); CPI calculates the value of consumer goods and services basket which households purchase (Picker, 2007). The chart shows the constantly increasing inflation rates in the U. S. economy. In March, the average cost of goods and services basket advanced 0. 3 percent (MERIC, 2008). These trends indicate the inability of the Federal Reserve to cope with the inflation problem. Growing inflation requires that the Fed pushes up interest rates and slows down the economy, but as the Fed decreases interest rates to regulate particular markets, it puts the economy into a deeper recession. Oil price per barrel is usually counted on the basis of the OPEC or NMEX oil basket prices. At the beginning of 2008, the barrel of oil cost $90. 7; by the end of April, the price has already crossed the mark of $116 per barrel (WTRG Economics, 2008). The chart shows significant continuous increase of oil prices. During 2007, the price of oil per barrel has nearly tripled. Inflation rates, unemployment rates, oil prices per barrel, and real GDP are the four interrelated economic indicators, which determine, at what stage of business cycle the U. S. economy stands. Business cycles impact all areas of economic development; the airline industry is not an exception. In many instances, airlines develop and act according to the basic economic laws. The state of real GDP and Consumer Price Index determine consumer capability to purchase tickets and choose convenient flights. The price of oil per barrel seriously increases airline industry costs, which the industry compensates for the account of more expensive tickets. The growing energy prices contribute into the CPI growth. The growing price of oil per barrel impacts unemployment: â€Å"on average, every time oil prices go up 10 percent, 150,000 Americans lose their jobs† (Eldad, 2007). It is stated that â€Å"the cycles of the airline market are often considered to be a response to fluctuations in the evolution of the GDP and to lie beyond the sphere of the industry’s influence† (Eldad, 2007). Unemployment does not significantly impact the airline industry. The United States has been able to keep unemployment rates at reasonable levels. Inflation rates directly impact the way the airline industry performs on the market. In general, inflation indicates the growth of all costs and expenditures within airline industry. Inflation means that energy prices grow, too. Traditionally, fuel and oil costs constituted 15 percent of the airline industry expenditures, but inflation and growing prices of oil per barrel have raised this index to 30 percent (Eldad, 2007). Due to continuous inflation growth and oil price increase, airlines annually lose up to $200 million (Eldad, 2007). These are the indicators of the economic recession. Economic recession is one of the five stages of business cycle. Since 2005, the airline industry has been experiencing serious economic losses and numerous business closures. The slight increase of real GDP in the last quarter of 2007 reveals promising trends which will hopefully help airlines cope with energy prices. The recession stage of the business cycle suggests that the U. S. economy has not yet reached the trough at the very bottom of its economic decline. This is why the airline industry should be prepared to facing even more serious economic difficulties. The current economic situation is more consistent with the classical economic conditions. The state is not involved into regulating inflation rates or oil prices per barrel. In the oil market, the state acts according to laissez-fair principles of classical economic theory, which promote free business choice and minimal state involvement into economic processes. Although the state regulates interest rates and seems to make everything possible to minimize the economic consequences of recession, its strategies are aimed at regulating particular markets and not the U. S. economy in general. The airline industry is given sufficient freedom for taking economic decisions according to the changeable economic conditions in the U. S. Conclusion The current state of real GDP, inflation rates, oil price per barrel, and unemployment rates form the picture of economic recession in the United States. The airline industry experiences significant economic losses. As the U. S. economy faces the recession stage of the business cycle, airlines should be prepared to even greater economic losses before the economy reaches the trough at the bottom of its economic decline.

Muscular Dystrophy Disease

Muscular Dystrophy Disease Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy is when you have thin and weak muscles. You usually fall frequently and you run very strange. You have difficulty getting up and you cant sit up straight. It usually affects boys (rarely girls). â€Å"People with Muscular Dystrophy have incorrect or missing information in their genes.† The symptoms of muscular dystrophy are when you have poor balance and you cant walk straight. Sometimes you can have a curve on your spine; kind of like scoliosis. You tend to walk on your toes because you cant put your feet flat. You cant even climb stairs. If the Childs heart and breathing muscles get weak, they could die before reaching the age 20 from heart failure or pneumonia. In 1830 Sir Charles Bells discovered that Muscular Dystrophy is an x-linked genetic disorder that causes children to have progressive muscle weakness; most boys inherit this mutation from their mothers. People are born with this problem. Its not contagious and you cant catch it from someone else who has it. Some people develop this disease when they are adults. But usually, the signs of a child having muscular dystrophy appear around the ages three to five. There are many different type of muscular dystrophies. Such as, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker dystrophy, Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Limb- Gridle dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Congenital dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and Distal muscular dystrophy. Duchenne Dystrophy occurs 2 out of every 10,000 young men. It is the most severe disease out of all of the muscular dystrophies. It occurs mostly in young boys that affects children today. The signs and symptoms of muscular dystrophy may include sudden falls, Large calf muscles, difficulty getting up when lying or sitting down, difficulty running or jumping, weak leg muscles, and â€Å" Mild mental retardation, in some cases â€Å". Becker muscular dystrophy is milder than Duchene. It affects older boys and young men, but it progresses slower than others. The signs and the symptoms of Becker dystrophy are similar to Duchenne except that Becker usually appears between the ages 12 to 16. But the latest it can appear is around the ages 25 to 30. This disease can also cause severe heart problems. Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy can appear in your early childhood or teenage years and it can only affect males. â€Å"It causes muscle weakness and wasting in the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs.† There can also be life threatening heart problems to the carriers. Such as the mothers, the sisters and the daughters. â€Å"Muscle shortening (contractures) occur early in this disease.† It can weaken your chest and pelvic muscles; that means that when you breathe, it is hard to inhale oxygen because your muscles dont let you move your chest. This progresses slowly, but it causes less muscle weakness than other muscular dystrophies. Myotonic muscular dystrophy is the most common in adults. â€Å"It affects both men and women and it can appear from any time from early childhood to adulthood. In some rare cases it can appear in newborns.† This symptom can get worse in cold temperatures. It not only affects your whole body but it affects your nervous system (the brain). Which means it is going to affect your hormones and how you do simple things. Because your brain is like the command center, a normal person can go through puberty and do simple things like picking up a phone. But when you have these diseases, you cant grow and you cant do certain things because your brain has a dysfunction. Limb-gridle can appear in the early teens and early adulthood and it can affect males and females. â€Å"Limb-girdle causes progressive weakness that begins in the hips and moves to the shoulders, arms, and legs.† In 20 years, walking can be almost impossible. Sufferers are able to live there late adulthood. Facioscapulohumeral affects the face, shoulder blade, and the upper arm bone. â€Å"This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females.† You can have short periods and rapid deterioration. The percentage is very mild for you to be completely disabled. About 50% of the people that suffer from this disease can walk their whole lives; they can usually live a normal life span. People with Congenital muscular dystrophy are born with problem and it can affect either male or female. The doctors can figure out if the baby has muscular dystrophy in the first few months of the Childs life or at birth. â€Å"Along with severe and early contractures.† You can often have seizures when you get older. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy can appear in men and women in there 40s, 50s and 60s. It causes weakness in the eye and face muscles, which may lead to difficulty swallowing and sometimes choking. â€Å"Weakness in pelvic and shoulder muscles may occur later. Distal dystrophy is one of the rare forms of muscular dystrophy that affects both men and women. It causes muscle weakness in the forearm, hands, lower legs, and feet. Generally, distal dystrophy is less severe and it progresses very slowly than others. Muscular dystrophy is dominant trait. And the expectancy of muscular dystrophy ranges from 2-40 years old. â€Å"The overall frequency of all LGMD (limb-gridle) syndromes has been estimated to be 5-70 per 1 million populations in several countries.† But muscular dystrophy is most common in Brazil. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy but doctors and scientists are working hard to find one. â€Å"Some are even trying to fix the defective genes that lead to muscular dystrophy so they will make the right proteins. Others are trying to make chemicals that will act like these proteins in the body.† Things that will help Muscular Dystrophy Certain exercises such as physical therapy can help them with stiffening muscles near the joints. Some times teens use special braces to â€Å"ensure flexible joints and tendons.† Surgery is some times used to reduce pain. Medication can help sometimes. People with heart problems are very important that heart specialists monitor their heart.

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes

Glucose Tolerance Tests Accuracy In Diagnosing Diabetes According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 220 million people worldwide have diabetes. An estimated 1.1 million people died from diabetes in 2005, and almost half of diabetic deaths occurred in people under the age of 70 years of age. WHO projects that the number of diabetic deaths will increase to 366 million by the year 2030 (8). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 is a prevalent disorder that causes one to have high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. This hyperglycemia can be the result from one or a combination of 1) decrease production of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas; 2) increase sugar production from the liver; 3) decrease sugar uptake by cells secondary to insulin receptors. Symptoms of DMII are excess urination, excess thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, sweating, and fatigue. Patients presenting with these symptoms should be screened by a finger stick, where a blood sample is taken from a quick prick of the finger, to be tested for hyperglycemia. Normal blood sugar should range from 70-100mg. If one has a fasting sugar of >126mg or an after eating sugar level > 200mg, then an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) should be performed. During an OGTT, a patient consumes a 150-200g carbohydrate diet for three days and fasts from midnight prior to test date. The morning of test, the patient consumes 75g sugar mixe d with 300ml of water within a 5 minute period. The patients blood sugar level is be measured at baseline, and then again at 120 minutes. A diagnosis of DMII is made if the baseline level is >126 mg and the 120 minute level is >200mg. These guidelines are set by the American Diabetic Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (1,8). Another option for obtaining a blood sugar level is measuring the percent of glycosylated red blood cells, or the percent of sugar attached to a RBC. RBCs live for approximately 90 days in the human body. By measuring this percentile one can observe the patients blood sugar level over the previous 3 months and not just at the moment an OGTT is performed. Today, HbA1c is a main tool for following metabolic control in persons with diabetes(5). A HbA1c > 6.0 percent should permit a diagnosis of DMII, but is not at this time a definite diagnostic tool. Diabetes can cause complications of multiple organ systems. WHO defines consequences of diabetes as follows: Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke). Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb amputation. Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and about 10% develop severe visual impairment. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure. Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes, and affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands. The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least double the risk of their peers without diabetes (8). Previous studies have showed that better control of plasma glucose levels reduced the risk of developing long-term complications pertaining to diabetes (4). A higher HbA1c correlates well with the likelihood of developing chronic complications such as the ones listed above. This study is designed to explore if a HbA1c be used to diagnose diabetes. Observations suggest that a reliable measure of chronic glycemic levels such as HbA1c, which captures the degree of glucose exposure over time and which is related more intimately to the risk of complications than single or episodic measures of glucose levels, may serve as a better biochemical marker of diabetes and should be considered a diagnostic tool (2). As for the current gold standard for diagnosing diabetes, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has its limitations (2). These include high interindividual variability, low reproducibility compared to FPG, poor compliance with the conditions needed to perform the test correctly, and is cumbersome and time-consuming for medical staff and patients (4). Due to these factors one may ask, Is a HbA1c or an OGTT more accurate at diagnosing new onset diabetes mellitus type 2 in a patient presenting with hyperglycemia? By exploring this question and answering it from an evidence-based approach, the answer may help clinicians advance to an easier and less time consuming way to diagnose diabetes mellitus type II. CLINICAL CASE A 57 year old African American male presented to the outpatient office with symptoms of dizziness, blurred vision, polydipsia, and polyuria. He has a significant history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The patient was unclear when his symptoms started. Upon evaluation in the office, the patient was noted to have a marked glucose elevation of 420. An in-house HbA1c was also noted at 13.0. Upon further questioning, the patient has not been taking any medications for diabetes, and is currently taking Lisinopril and Zocor for his other medical conditions. Due to the presenting symptoms and lab results, the patient was admitted to the hospital for hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemic state. METHODS A PubMed search was performed by using the Clinical queries and Diagnosis filters. The terms A1c AND diagnosis AND diabetes and glycosylated hemoglobin AND diagnosis AND diabetes were used to search the site for relating articles. With these search terms, a total of 176 hits revealed articles pertaining to the requested information. Articles that met all inclusion criteria for the research were evaluated and assigned a type/level of evidence. In order to be included in this evidence-based study, articles had to meet the following inclusion criteria: Articles must be cohort studies. Studies must not be > 6 years old. Articles must have participants with impaired glucose levels or symptoms of impaired glucose. Studies must include evidence of OGTT or FPG and HbA1c. Studies must have a significant number of participants to produce a significant result (n > 375). Any articles that did not specifically relate to diagnosing DMII with a HbA1c were excluded. Articles that were not cohort studies, were older than six years, did not have participants with impaired glucose, or did not have a significant amount of participants were excluded. Certain articles that appeared in the PubMed search were strictly review articles. These papers were reviewed, and if applicable, may be used to provided supporting factors about pathophysiology/ epidemiology of diabetes type II and its diagnostic criteria. Articles that met all inclusion criteria were evaluated and assigned a level of evidence using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence worksheet. RESULTS Study #1: Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job Study Design: This study was performed at the Raval Sud Primary Care Center in Barcelona, Spain and was begun in 1992. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of glycosylated hemoglobin values as a method to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population at risk seen in primary care. Four hundred fifty four subjects were selected to participate in the study. The population served by the Raval Sud Center is characterized by it low evonomic level, high rate of immigration, and high rate of morbidity and mortality for certain diseases and disorders. Inclusion criteria for eligible participants had at least on e of the risk factors for developing DMII described in the ADA guidelines. These included family history of DMII, personal history of carbohydrate intolerance or gestational diabletes, prolonged use of a drug able to raise glucose levels, obesity with a body mass index > 30, hypertension, HDL-cholesterol levels 250 mg/dL. Persons who did not wish to take part in the study were excluded. For the purpose of this particular study, data was recorded from the time the patient was included in the Raval Sud Care Center. The study then used a cross-sectional analytical design to validate a diagnostic test. (4) Study Conduct: Subjects were interviewed and variables were recorded for each participant. These included sociodemographic characteristics such as age and sex, clinical characteristics such as BMI and blood pressure, and laboratory values including fasting plasma glucose in a venous blood sample, oral glucose tolerance test after a 75g glucose overload, and a HbA1c measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. To standardize the results for the HbA1c, the absolute values were recalculated in terms of the number of standard deviations above the mean. FPG and OGTT values were based on the WHO criteria as having normal, impaired, or DMII glucose levels. (4) Study Results: The distribution of demographic characteristics and laboratory findings are shown in Table 1. The study found that plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in normal subjects than in subjects with abnormal glucose levels (IFG or OGTT) and even lower in subjects with abnormal glucose levels than in patients with diabetes (P 5.94% (mean, +3SD), the diagnosis of DMII is reliable and accurate in 93% of the cases. Table 4 shows the diagnostic validity of a combined strategy of FPG and HbA1c values: patients were considered to have DMII when FPG > 125 mg/dL, or when FPG >110 mg/dL and HbA1c was greater than the cutoff value. Maximal efficacy (93% GV) was found for HbA1c > 5.94% (x +3SD), with a sensitivity of 92.2% and a specificity of 95.1%. (4) Study Critique: It has been confirmed that the relationship between circulating glucose values and the onset of chronic complications exists. Thus, it is logical for the diagnosis of DMII to be based on glucose values. One of the main problems in this particular study was to define and establish a cutoff point for this continuous quantitative variable. This study analyzed different cutoff points for the whole sample of patients at risk for DMII. When HbA1c values > 5.51% (x +2SD), were used for the cutoff point for diagnosis of DMII, the sensitivity (76%) and specificity (85%) were acceptable. However, when a higher cutoff point was used, specificity increased, but only at the expense of reduced sensitivity. Due to this situation, the study designed a strategy for diagnosis based on the FPG values and the validity of HbA1c. (4) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #2: Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults Study Design: This study included participants from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants included 6,890 adults (>20 years of age), without a self-reported history of diabetes. The subjects attended a morning examination, fasted for > 9 hours at the time of their blood collection, and had valid plasma glucose and HbA1c values taken. Participants were categorized into one of the four groups by presence or absence of fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL and HbA1c > 6.5%. The distribution of the population into these groupings was determined and the K statistic value was calculated. Also, the distribution of U.S. adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points (6.0-6.7%) were calculated. The objective for this study was to compare A1c and fasting glucose for the diagnosis of diabetes among U.S. adults. (6) Study Conduct: Data was collected through questionnaires (demographics, medical history), a physical examination (blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference), and blood collection (lipids, plasma glucose, HbA1c). The plasma glucose was measured by using a modified hexokinase enzymatic method and the HbA1c using a high-performance liquid chromatography. (6) Study Results: This study concludes that an HbA1c of > 6.5%, along with a FPG >125 mg/dL demonstrates reasonable agreement for diagnosing diabetes. 1.8% of the participants were classified as having diabetes with a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose >126 mg/dL. Among participants with a HbA1c 125 mg/dL, 45% had an A1c value > 6.0% but less than 6.5%. According to A1c guidelines, this value poses an elevated risk for diabetes. Table A1 shows a distribution of adults by fasting glucose and different HbA1c cutoff points. From this table, the lower the HbA1c cutoff points results in higher sensitivity and lower specificity. (6) Study Critique: In this study, certain participants had discordant results such as a HbA1c > 6.5% and a fasting glucose of Study #3: A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study Study Design: The Rancho Bernardo Study included 2, 107 participants without known DMII, who had an OGTT and a HbA1c between 1984 and 1987. This cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults was provided written informed consent and laboratory data was performed. (3) Study Conduct: HbA1c was measured with high performance liquid chromatography using an automated analyzer. Ophthalmologic evaluation was also performed on the subjects. This was done by using nonmydriatic retinal photography. Sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c cutoff points for DMII were calculated, along with K coefficients which were used to test for agreement between A1c values and diabetes status. The objective for this study was to examine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c as a diagnostic test for DMII in older adults. (3) Study Results: For this study the HbA1c cutoff value was 6.5%. This value had a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 79%. A lower A1c cutoff point of 6.15% yielded the highest sensitivity at 63% but a lower specificity at 60%. If one were to use this cutoff value, it would miss one-third of those with DMII by the American Diabetes Association guidelines. It would also misclassify one-third of those without DMII. Using the HbA1c value of 6.5% as the cutoff point, the agreement with DMII diagnosis was low (K coefficient was 0.119). In order to compare A1c and ADA criteria with DMII complications, the study looked at participants with some degree of retinopathy. Of the participants who had retinopathy, 40% had and A1c > 6.5% and none had DMII by ADA criteria. This study concluded that the limited sensitivity of the A1c value cutoff may result in missed or delayed diagnosis of DMII, whereas the use of current OGTT criteria will fail to identify a high proportion of individuals with hi gh A1c values, which correlate with long term complications of DMII. (3) Study Critique: This study was performed on a much older population than the other studies examined in this paper. It has its benefits and disadvantages for surveying a population in which there mean age was 69.4. The advantage is that the U.S. elderly population has the greatest current burden and is expected to have the greatest increase in the prevalence of DMII. On the other hand, the disadvantage to having such an older subject population is that it limited the HbA1c cutoff values to that particular population. In a previous critique of an article one of the concerns was the fact that there are different aspects of glucose metabolism. It would have been supportive if the article addressed the age of their participants and compared them with the study results. (3) Level of Evidence: 1c Study #4: Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects Study Design: This study was performed by collecting data from the Bundang CHA General Hospital database. A total of 392 subjects who had an abnormal random plasma glucose, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, a macrosomic baby, or a severe obesity were selected to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included a previous history of diabetes of other endocrinopathies, pregnancy, abnormal liver or renal function tests, a history of major surgery, severe illness, blood transfusion within the previous 6 months, and weight loss > 3kg during the past three months. After an overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn from all participating subjects to include FPG and HbA1c values. (7) Study Conduct: Glucose concentrations were measured using the glucose oxidase method on a autoanalyzer. The HbA1c values were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. All statistical analysis was performed and the best predictive cutoff values for FPG and A1c for detecting patients with new diabetes were identified using the optimal sensitivity/specificity values determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. (7) Study Results: Figure 1 shows the ROC plot representing the sensitivity and specificity for the HbA1c and the FPG in detecting undiagnosed DMII. From this study, the optimal cutoff value for HbA1c was 6.1% and for FPG was 6.1 mmol/l. The sensitivity/specificity for the HbA1c cutoff value was 81.8% and 84.9% respectively. Table 1 shows the results from the combination of using FPG and HbA1c. This study demonstrated that HbA1c was very useful to screen for diabetes in high-risk patients and the combined use of HbA1c and FPG made up for the lack of sensitivity in FPG alone. (7) Study Critique: This studys subjects were only Korean, therefore making the population very ethnically limited. It would have been beneficial to have seen the population more diverse and to notice the change in results. Also, the study stated that an OGTT was performed, yet a confirmation status of repeat testing was not recorded. This would have been beneficial to have in order to compare results to the FPG and HbA1c values obtained for cutoff for diagnosing DMII. (7) Level of Evidence: 1c DISCUSSION The purpose if this study was to assess if a HbA1c was sufficient enough to make a unknown diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. From these studies one can gather that a HbA1c is adequate for making a new diagnosis for DMII. The following chart compares the specificity and sensitivity of each HbA1c from each study critiqued in this study. Also, each study uses a different HbA1c cutoff that they gathered from their cohort or cross-sectional study which is also included in the chart below. Study Sensitivity Specificity HbA1c used for Diagnosis Diagnosing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: in Primary Care, Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Do the Job 63.3% 93.4% 5.94% Comparison of A1c and Fasting Glucose Criteria to Diagnose Diabetes Among U.S. Adults 72.5% 96.5% > 6.0% A1c and Diabetes Diagnosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study 44% 79% 6.5% Diagnostic value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the early detection of diabetes in high-risk subjects 81.8% 84.9% 6.1% Study #1 discussed the option of performing a combination of HbA1c and a FPG test. This exhibited to be most the most poignant result with a specificity/sensitivity of 92.2 and 95.1, respectively. In study #2, it also agreed that a HbA1c and a FPG level provided the most assured diagnosis for DMII. However, this study had the most discordant results and was probably due to the fact of its subject population. It stated that the results may have been due to the fact that assessment of different aspects of glucose metabolism was present (6). Study #3 was performed on a much older population, and focused on the importance of following HbA1c levels to help prevent long term complications of DMII. However, it also stated that a HbA1c would also have a higher sensitivity and specificity if it were performed along with a FPG test. Finally, study #4 agreed on the fact that a HbA1c was very sufficient for screening for DMII, and that it provided much support for diagnosing DMII along with a FP G. CONCLUSION This study provided that a HbA1c of approximately 6.0% is a great support to help making the diagnosis of DMII along with a FPG > 125. Some studies have suggested that a HbA1c of this value is suggestive of a diagnosis, however, the studies above advocate that FPG levels should also be obtained to solidify the actually diagnosis of DMII. However, in a recent publication from the JAAP, it states thatan A1c value of 6.5% higher as diagnostic. This value appears to be the level at which a person is at risk for developing the complications of diabetes. A diagnosis should be confirmed with a repeat A1c test, unless clinical symptoms and a glucose level higher than 200 mg/dL are present (5). From this statement one can confer that the patient described above in the clinical case portion of this paper, does indeed warrant the diagnosis of DMII on the basis of a HbA1c of 13.0%, the presence of clinical symptoms, and the glucose elevation of 420 mg/dL.

A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith b

A Comparison of Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold and Prayer Before Brith by Louis MacNeice 'Dover Beach' by Matthew Arnold, written in 1867, and 'Prayer Before Birth' written in 1951 by Louis MacNeice share many similarities despite being written nearly on hundred years apart from each other. This essay will explore the issues and ideas that both poems share, in addition to drawing attention to some of the key differences. 'Dover Beach' is about the thoughts of a man on his honeymoon, who shares his sentiments about the suffering of the world and that fact that his 'love' is the only thing which is positive about his life. 'Prayer Before Birth' describes the thoughts of an unborn child, making a plea to be kept safe against the dangers of the earth. Both poems refer to, are about, are interested in, and are concerned with criticism of the world, and distressed narrators; while some differences can be observed. For example: The unborn child in 'Prayer Before Birth' is certain of what the world is like, and he knows what might happen to him. Matthew Arnold, on the other hand expresses uncertainty in his poem. Even with slight differences, the predominant themes /preoccupations of the two poems are the same. It is clear that both poets feel disillusioned with life, and consider that there is little in life which is joyful or cause for optimism. Indeed, Matthew Arnold refers to a world which, "Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain." Louis MacNeice is much more specific in is list of things which bring pain to individuals: the lectures of old men, the strife with bureaucracy, the humilia... ... free thinking of his own. To him, this is a fate worse than death, and he would rather die. What I think, is that the two poems are similar, because they are both evoke depressed feelings coming form the poet. Especially 'Prayer Before Birth', because how can a fetus be so incredibly pessimistic? 'Dover Beach' in my opinion is more poetic and more symbolic, and much more profound; whereas 'Prayer Before Birth' is more superficial and straightforward. I personally preferred 'Dover Beach' because of its vivid imagery, and subtle references to religion. I also feel sorry for Matthew Arnold, because when he wrote that beautiful poem, he was feeling anxiety, and uncertainty. He defiantly was not content whilst writing 'Dover Beach.' On the other hand I believe that Louis MacNeice was being cynical, and narrow minded.

Philosophy and Religion Essay -- essays research papers

The many religions of the world exhibit a large amount of different beliefs and philosophies. Some believe in many gods, some believe in just one god and yet there are those that believe in no god. One of the things that I agree with is that you can not love anything else unless you first learn to love and respect yourself. I also think that after one?s physical body is deceased, you become reincarnated. And lastly, I don?t recognize one god or overall being, but rather follow the example made by others. These are some religious elements I follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, you can not love anything unless you love yourself. If you go around with self hate and little confidence, it gives you no room for any other affection. Buddhism and Taoism also believe this. Buddhism emphasizes love for one?s self greatly, and believe that you can not accomplish anything in life unless you take care of your mind and body. After you achieve self contentment, you must learn to love all beings. I am concerned with loving nature, much like Taoism. We get our food, oxygen, clothing and everything else we need to survive from nature. Without it, we would not exist. You should also pay great respect and love to your family and elders. As with nature, without them we would never have come into being. They teach us lessons and morals of how to live our lives. Shintoism feels strongly about praising our elders. They think that basically our whole life should revolve around those w...

Size Exclusion Chromatography

Size Exclusion Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is the separation technique based on the molecular size of the components. Size exclusion chromatography is a kind of method to separate different size of molecules that put in solution. It was first discovered by two scientists who named Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven. Both of them received the John Scott Award for this fabulous invention. There are various applications for Size exclusion chromatography such as biochemical aspect and polymer synthesis.For application in biochemical aspect, this technique can find out the quaternary structure of purified proteins which possess slow exchange times, since it can be carried out under native solution conditions and preserve macromolecular interactions. The reason why we use this technique for purification is Size exclusion chromatography is a low resolution chromatography method as it does not identify similar species very well. It can also test the tertiary structu re of protein as it measures the hydrodynamic volume, allowing folded and unfolded versions of the same protein to be distinguished.Besides using in biochemical research, it is able to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules like if a solvent is chose and run, we can create a calibration curve to determine the sizes of polymer molecules in it. It is better to introduce the mobile phase and stationary phase first. Stationary phase is the solid absorbent or the pore(SEC) with solid support that allow sample across through it while the mobile phase is the sample percolate through or along to the stationary phase.In SEC, separation is achieved by the differential exclusion from the pores of the packing material, of the sample molecules(mobile phase) as they pass through a bed of porous particles(stationary phase). For the principle of the SEC, molecules of different sizes can be separated by this technique because of differential time spent inside a solid phase particle which excludes entrance of relatively larger molecules, allows some entrance of medium-sized molecules, and allows free accessibility of the smallest molecules.The particles contain pores with tunnels(stationary phase) in which the size can be controlled depending on the size of molecules(mobile phase) to be separated. Smaller molecules experience a more complex pathway to exit the particle than do larger molecules. Because molecules that have a large size compared to the pore size of the stationary phase have very little entrance into the pores, these larger sized molecules elute first from the column. Medium sized molecules are relatively large compared to the pore size of the solid phase and therefore may find some pores in which they enter and spend some time.Smaller-sized molecules have more pores that are accessible to them and therefore spend more time inside the pores relative to larger-sized molecules. Therefore, smaller molecules elute last and larger molecules elute first in SEC. â€Å"Elute† is mean that the carrier of the mobile phase or the mobile phase from chromatographic bed emerge. For the pore size, which is the important part of stationary phase in SEC, solid phase materials used in SEC are usually classified based on their ability to separate different sizes of proteins.Since size is a difficult item to accurately measure for a large molecule, the solid phase materials are identified with a molecular weight range instead and the weight is equated with size. All compounds with a molecular weight less than or equal to the lower number in the range will see the entire internal volume of the beads resulting in no selection and therefore no separation. All compounds with a molecular weight greater than or equal to the higher number in the range are completely excluded from the inside of a bead and therefore no separation is achieved.Molecules with weights or sizes between these two extremes of the range can be separated. This is the nume rical pore size range reported for each solid phase material used in SEC. The pore size used for a separation is dependent on the size range of the particular set of molecules to be separated. Smaller pore sizes are used for rapid desalting of proteins or for protein purification. Intermediate pore sizes are used to separate relatively small proteins. Very large pore sizes are used for purification of biological complexes.For the factor that affect the SEC, first, the particles in solution do not have a fixed size, resulting in the probability that a particle that would otherwise be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Second, the stationary-phase particles are not ideally defined, both particles and pores may vary in size. . The stationary phase may also interact in undesirable ways with a particle and influence retention times, though great care is taken by column manufacturers to use stationary phases that are inert and minimize this issue.Third, increasing the column length w ill enhance the resolution, and increasing the column diameter increases the capacity of the column. Proper column packing is important to maximize resolution: An over-packed column can collapse the pores in the beads, resulting in a loss of resolution. An under-packed column can reduce the relative surface area of the stationary phase accessible to smaller species, resulting in those species spending less time trapped in pores.Unlike affinity chromatography techniques, a solvent head at the top of the column can drastically diminish resolution as the sample diffuses prior to loading, broadening the downstream elution. The advantages of this method include good separation of large molecules from the small molecules with a minimal volume of eluate, and that various solutions can be applied without interfering with the filtration process, all while preserving the biological activity of the particles to be separated.Second, the technique is generally combined with others that further s eparate molecules by other characteristics, such as acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compounds. Third, with size exclusion chromatography, there are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good sensitivity. The SEC is separated rapidly. Then, there is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase. The stationary phase doesn't have any absorbent that nteract with the sample and carry out the reaction with the sample. For the disadvantage of the this method , first is the molecular mass that we need to know. The SEC separation is base on the molecular size/ weight, like the gel electrophoresis. It is required to know that there are the range for different of the molecular size. If the difference of the molecular size in the mobile phase, it is not recommended to use this separation. So, before using the SEC, the molecular size of each sample in mobile phase are required to identify.In addition, the acco mmodated of SEC is limited. The mobile phase can not be too big. The time scale of the chromatogram is short, and, in general, there has to be a 10% difference in molecular mass to have a good resolution Also, the pore size need to be determined, too small size or too big size will lead to the failure of the separation SEC. In the world, the chromatography is the separation of the sample base on the polar, size, acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compounds†¦Size Exclusion Chromatography is the one of the chromatography that base on the size of the sample, which is similar to the principle of gel electrophoresis. One different point is the stationary phase, which is the column with the pores of the particles. Reference: (http://www. separations. us. tosohbioscience. com/ServiceSupport/TechSupport/ResourceCenter/PrinciplesofChromatography/SizeExclusion/) (http://www. asdlib. org/separations_pdfs/Size_Exclusion_Chromatography_Separations_Module-finalversion. pdf) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography),goldbook

The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers

Name Tutor Course Date The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers John a Macdonald and Laurier Sir John a MacDonald was the first prime minister of Canada and was the dominant representative of the Canadian confederation. He was born on the 11th January 1815 and passed on 6th June. His term in office was 18 years long which places him to the second longest serving prime minister in Canada. He is the only one to ever win six majority governments (Hennessy 12). As for Sir Wilfrid Laurier, he was the seventh prime minister, Born on 20th November 1841 and passed on on the 17th February 1919. He was the first francophone prime minister and was considered one of the countries superb statesmen. As compared to his counter part John a MacDonald, sir Wilfrid was also in the list of the longest serving prime ministers in Canada although him coming in as position four. Sir Wilfrid also contributed to the expanding of the confederation. Sir John MacDonald was born in Glasgow Scotland was the third in a family of five while Sir Wilfrid laurier was born in Saint-lin Canada East and was the 7th generation of his family. MacDonald’s parents decided that he should become a lawyer after his completion of schooling. It was a great choice for a boy who seemed to really admire studying and beside that he had an urgent to start earning cash in order to support his family since his fathers business ventures were failing. As compared to Macdonald Lauriers’ father was well up and by the age of eleven he was sent to study in new Glasgow. Macdonald had a rather sorrowful and tragedous private life. When Sir Macdonald first came into office he was faced with major opposition. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the confederation; the Anglo-American relationships were in a poor state. In 1867 the first general elections were held and this is where MacDonald had his first major achievement. He was able to bring together Nova Scotia New Brunswick and the province of lower and Upper Canada to form the state of Canada of which guaranteed him election stress free. MacDonald’s main vision was to enlarge the country and bring it together in unity. Under his rule he rought British Colombia, PIE, and great North West territories into Canada all this for ? 300,000 (about $11,500,000 in modern Canadian dollars). Macdonald’s still biggest achievement as a prime minister was the building of the Trans continental railway which was completed in 1891 (Leonardo 219). He also managed to create a god relationship with the United States rising to the challenge of the Northwest rebellion and his balancing of French and English interests in accept able terms for most. Sir Wilfrid Laurier is known to have had a number of accomplishments as a prime minister. To begin with he was able to establish the department of labour and external affairs, he also managed to recruit immigrants into the west, and in 1905 he oversaw the creation of two provinces Alberta and Saskatchewan into the confederation which saw the creation of the last two provinces in the Northwest Territories (Picknett, Prince, Prior & Brydon 290). He also saw the beginning of the two new transcontinental railways although the project was filled with scandals. He also made a deal with the united state for lower rates on natural products. The two prime ministers are to date considered being the greatest of all time. This Great statesmen had a couple of similarities if we scrutinses them properly. One similarity was that both of them were students of law. MacDonald studied law in Toronto where he traveled by boat whereas sir Wilfrid studied law in New Glasgow. These two men had a vision of the expansion of the country of Canada since both of them contributed to the increase of the confederation. Sir MacDonald helped bring the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick together in 1867 to form Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier had the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan created in 1905 which saw the last spit of the Northwest Territories. Sir Macdonald oversaw the establishments of the first transcontinental railway and Sir Wilfred Laurier also oversaw the establishment of tow more transcontinental. Sir MacDonald negotiated the relation ship with the United States and this was also exhibited by sir Wilfrid. The above similarities signify that both of the prime ministers were both devoted and dedicated to the development of Canada. These similarities only signify their similarities in ensuring a proper Canada but these two men had other similarities because they were both the first in whatever they did. MacDonald was the Prime minister of Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier was the first francophone prime minister. In the common life Sir MacDonald and sir laurier had a couple of differences . Sir MacDonald came from a family that was not all that well up as compare do to sir Wilfred, he studied law in order to be able to put a meal on his families table since all his fathers ventures were crumbling as compared to Wilfred who studied Law as his passion. Sir Wilfred and Sir MacDonald left a legacy in Canada and are both commemorated in big ways. Both of them have the pleasure of having holidays celebrated in their hournor; they both have avenues named in their respect such as the Laurier Avenue. These two statesmen had very minimal similarities and difference and these was due to their characters but both will live to be legends as far as Canada is concerned. Works Cited Hennessy, Peter. Prime Ministers: The Office and its Holders since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 2001. Leonardo, Gordon. Review of Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1923–1944. American Historical Review, 88. 4 (1983): 218 – 230. Picknett, Lynn, Prince, Clive, Prior, Stephen, and Brydon, Robert. War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy. Chicago: Mainstream Publishing, 2002.

What advantages or disadvantages are there of having a telephone mast at your school?

I deliberated in finding you a result, never the less I will give you an unbiased view point and give you a pragmatic answer†¦ Consequently I have prepared a list of bullet points for and against for the answer†¦ For * Good phone signals are in place so a teacher can easily contact others (via mobile phone) if the conditions are stormy. * If a phone mass was put into place, company's across the country would manufacture there businesses nearby so all employees could conveniently access strong phone signals meaning Clayton would be popular village meaning a boost in local economy†¦ * People would see Clayton as a more business friendly town, meaning more leisure prospects because companies might set up major offices and buildings†¦ * Small towns may be transformed into a thriving city because a brilliant signals†¦ * May bring protesters although they would need transport and accommodation therefore it puts money into the economy again†¦ * If major company's construct big offices near by other people may be persuaded to create other things nearby to cater for the business men's every need for example coffee shops and luxury outlet stores for rich people who work in the offices†¦ * If thriving company's start up in the town other buildings will come as well, for example the company may want a building nearby were they can host there website (lots of servers) so they don't have to travel far to maintain equipment, meaning that they will buy more land leading to estate agents and nearby people gaining lots of money, which will further more be pumped back into the economy†¦ * If major company's set up in the nearby town, big companies such as BT etc will feel pressured not to have a office in the town because the town will be popular full of people†¦ * More shops would appear because the town would be so popular meaning lots of people would buy products from there shop†¦ * There is no real evidence to suggest that the EM radiation used in cellular communications is harmful. Against * There are fears that mobile phone masts present a threat to health, these fears begin with the warming of the brain direct from mobile phones, this leads onto the possible causes of cancer that come from phone masts e.g. brain tumours, this is the cause of microwave radiation. * You might have trouble sleeping as time goes on and you could be at risk from catching a brain tumour. Also if someone was to stand near a phone mast they might be at risk of catching the flu. * Seven different studies had concluded that mobile phones could increase the chances of both malignant and benign brain tumours'. * Can be seen as unattractive for example, if there is elegant view around the town the mast would instantly destroy it†¦ Meaning that if the town is seen as a rural, it is no instantly transformed as an urban town†¦ * Newcastle is aimed at older people (London is aimed at younger people) Therefore they will be against the change†¦ How it works Mobile phones work using radio signals in a similar way to radio and television. The system is based on geographic areas known as cells. When you make a call, your mobile phone sends a signal to the nearest base station that controls a cell. The base station then transmits the signal through mobile and fixed line networks to connect you. Cells vary in size depending on location and demand. A large base station may be able to carry 100 to 150 calls simultaneously while a smaller one may only be able to carry around 30 calls. More base stations will be needed in areas where lots of people want to use their mobile phones. There are around 51,000 base stations in the UK, two-thirds of which are integrated into the design of existing buildings or structures. Conclusion This is a very debateable subject, however I hope the bullet points I have willingly provided have made it easier for me to make a strong decision†¦ If I was put in charge of making this decision I would be for the telephone mast because it would bring major companies to Newcastle-under-Lyme which would be excellent for the economy, There are about 70 million mobile phones in use in the UK which of whom need to base stations, this is why one should be made in Newcastle because they have to be made! People may protest and rebel about this although this wouldn't matter too much because after a while people will forget†¦If we did put a telephone mast in Newcastle there is a chance that Newcastle under Lyme could be completely transformed for the best! Some major disadvantages would be that it could cause harm towards the civilians and that the change could anger the more older public because they might not like thriving city's and prefer the quite villages†¦